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• Ukraine history - The beginning
• Ukraine history - Russian Empire
• Ukraine history - Soviet Union
• Ukraine history - independent Ukraine

Khmelnitsky's need for help against the Poles led to an agreement with the Muscovite tsar in 1654, which was considered an act of submission by the Muscovites. Poland-Lithuania was forced to recognize Muscovite suzerainty over Kiev and the lands east of the Dnepr River, and the Cossack hetmanate was gradually absorbed into the Russian Empire.

Ukraine history - Russian Empire symbol

In the late 18th-century partitions of Poland, the Russian Empire obtained the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnepr River, except for Galicia, which went to Austria.

Ukraine history - Russian Empire color photos

A Ukrainian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century, but in Russian-held Ukraine the movement faced political repression and restrictions against the Ukrainian language. In Austria-Hungary conditions were more favorable, and, by the time of World War I, the Ukrainians of Galicia had set up a network of viable cultural, political, and religious institutions.

Ukraine history - Russian Empire map