Geographically, most of Ukraine is made up of flat, fertile plains called steppes. In the west, however, are the Carpathian Mountains, which stretch across several other eastern European countries. In the south are the Crimean Mountains.
Ukraine lands - Carpathian region
Ukraine can be divided into several vegetation-soil zones. Northern Ukraine is primarily a forest zone, with pine and oak trees predominating. The forest-steppe zone, which is just south of the forest one and is capable of sustaining agriculture, yields to the steppe zone in southern and eastern Ukraine. This zone is the most fertile area and is particularly rich in the black earth called chernozem.
Ukraine lands - forest
The zone of rich black soils is running west-east across south-central Ukraine and its intense cultivation has made Ukraine a major producer of winter wheat and sugar beets.
Ukraine lands - areas of forests and steppes
Rivers play an important role in Ukrainian life. They are vital for shipping, for generating electrical power, and for fishing. The Dnepr (Dnipro) is the Ukraine's largest river, and it ranks as the third-largest river in Europe. It flows from Belarus through northern Ukraine and empties southward into the Black Sea.
Ukraine lands - agriculture fields
Ukraine lands - The high sky of Ukraine
The Dnestr (Dnister) is Ukraine's second-largest river. Located in western Ukraine, it flows into the Black Sea on the Ukraine's southern border. The Black Sea is polluted in its deeper depths by sulfur dioxide, which limits the fishing output. Bordering Ukraine and Russia is the Sea of Azov, a very shallow body of water.
Ukraine lands - Dnepr river in Kiev
Ukraine lands - Dnestr river
Ukraine has a moderate continental climate, which has proven to be favorable for agriculture. The southern Crimea, however, has a subtropical climate.